财税与公共管理学院知识库

由于农业的弱质性使得涉农企业的市场竞争力弱于非农企业，需要政府通过一系列扶持政策推动涉农企业的发展。农业龙头企业作为涉农企业的领头羊，在推动农村产业融合、推进农业农村现代化、促进乡村振兴的过程中有着重要的示范和引导作用。财政补助和税收优惠是为农业龙头企业纾困减负，引导激励农业龙头企业高质量发展的重要政策工具。研究财政补助和税收优惠两种政策工具的实施与农业龙头企业经营绩效之间的关系具有重要的理论价值和实践价值。

本文在梳理了财政补助、税收优惠影响农业龙头企业经营绩效的文献的基础上，采取文献研究法、统计分析法和多元回归法等方法，依据资源基础理论、税收激励理论和信息不对称理论，选择上市70家农业龙头企业作为样本，收集相关数据，建立回归模型，重点研究农业龙头企业获得的财政补助和税收优惠能否促进企业的经营绩效提升，并探讨两大政策工具影响农业龙头企业经营绩效的差异性。研究发现：（1）财政补助和税收优惠都对农业龙头企业的经营绩效具有促进作用，同时两者存在滞后效应。相比较当期，滞后一期的财政补助没有影响，税收优惠呈现抑制作用，滞后两期的财政补助呈促进作用，税收优惠没有影响，说明财政补助相较于税收优惠作用的时间较长。（2）当两个政策工具共存的情况下，税收优惠促进农业龙头企业经营绩效提升的水平比财政补助更加显著，滞后一期的财政补助没有影响，税收优惠呈现抑制作用，滞后两期的财政补助正向影响，税收优惠没有影响。（3）环境不确定性在财政补助对农业龙头企业经营绩效的影响中发挥正向调节作用，但对于税收优惠对经营绩效的影响没有显著的调节作用。可能说明在外部环境变化程度较高，不确定性和风险较大的情况下，事前激励的财政补助更有助于农业龙头企业提升经营绩效。

结合研究的结论，本文分别从政府和企业两个层面提出建议。政府作为企业的服务者，在推动农业龙头企业的高质量发展过程中应进一步完善财政补助的制度规范，促进政策制定过程科学，政策落实到位，优化监管，推动政策全面发力；通过宣传提升企业对财政补助政策的认知，提升财政补助政策落地的精准性和实效性；建立政策绩效评价机制，充分了解财政补助税收优惠政策的成效，对需要完善的地方及时调整。为更好的用好政策，促进企业高质量发展，一方面，企业应加强对政策的学习和理解，主动和政府部门做好对接；另一方面，企业应重视自身的发展，提升企业的创新、数字化、绿色发展等能力，进一步推动企业高质量发展。

Due to the inherent weaknesses in agriculture, agricultural enterprises have weaker market competitiveness compared to non-agricultural enterprises. This prompts the government to implement a series of support policies to drive the development of these enterprises. Agricultural leading enterprises, as pioneers in the agricultural sector, play a crucial role in promoting the integration of rural industries, advancing agricultural and rural modernization, and facilitating rural revitalization. Financial subsidies and tax preferences serve as important policy tools to alleviate burdens on agricultural leading enterprises and guide them towards high-quality development. Research on the relationship between the implementation of financial subsidies and tax preference and the operating performance of agricultural industry leaders holds significant theoretical and practical value.

Based on a literature review of the impact of fiscal subsidies and tax preferences on the operational performance of leading agricultural enterprises, this article employs research methods such as literature research, statistical analysis, and multiple regression analysis. Drawing on resource-based view, tax incentive theory, and information asymmetry theory, the study selects a sample of 70 listed leading agricultural enterprises, collects relevant data, establishes regression models, and focuses on investigating whether fiscal subsidies and tax preferences received by agricultural enterprises can enhance their operational performance. Additionally, it explores the variations in the effects of these two policy tools on the operational performance of leading agricultural enterprises.Research conclusion:(1) Both financial subsidies and tax preference have a promoting effect on the operating performance of leading agricultural enterprises, and both have lag effects. Compared to the current period, the financial subsidies in the lagged period have no impact, while the tax preference have an inhibiting effect. The financial subsidies in the lagged two periods have a promoting effect, while the tax preference have no impact. This indicates that the effect of financial subsidies lasts longer compared to tax preference.(2) When both policy tools coexist, tax preference have a more significant impact on promoting the improvement of operating performance of leading agricultural enterprises compared to financial subsidies. The financial subsidies in the lagged period have no impact, while tax preference have an inhibiting effect. The financial subsidies in the lagged two periods have a positive impact, while tax preference have no effect.(3) Environmental uncertainty plays a positive moderating role in the impact of financial subsidies on the operating performance of leading agricultural enterprises, but it does not significantly moderate the impact of tax preference on operating performance. This may suggest that in situations with high levels of external environmental variability and significant uncertainty and risk, upfront incentivizing financial subsidies are more beneficial for leading agricultural enterprises to enhance operating performance.

Based on the research conclusions, this article proposes suggestions from both the government and enterprise levels. As a service provider for enterprises, the government should further improve the system and regulations for fiscal subsidies in order to promote the high-quality development of agricultural leading companies. This can be achieved by ensuring scientific policy formulation, effective policy implementation, optimized supervision, and comprehensive policy enforcement. The government should also enhance the awareness of fiscal subsidy policies among enterprises through promotion, aiming to improve the accuracy and effectiveness of policy implementation. Additionally, establishing a policy performance evaluation mechanism is necessary to fully understand the effectiveness of fiscal subsidies and tax incentives, and make timely adjustments where improvements are needed. In order to better utilize policies and promote high-quality development, enterprises should strengthen their learning and understanding of policies, actively engage with government departments, and focus on their own development. This includes enhancing innovation, digitalization, and green development capabilities to further drive high-quality enterprise development.