马克思主义学院知识库

自中国共产党成立以来，就一直以马克思主义贫困理论为指导开展中国的反贫困斗争，并始终在继承与创新中不断丰富完善马克思主义的贫困理论，进而探索出了具有中国特色的贫困治理体系，在脱贫攻坚战中取得了令人瞩目的成绩。随着现行标准下农村绝对贫困人口已全部实现脱贫，自2021年起中国反贫困工作的重心也将从消除绝对贫困向缓解相对贫困转轨。西部农村地区作为消除绝对贫困的主战场，在今后的相对贫困治理中也依旧承担着最为艰巨的任务。缓解西部农村地区的相对贫困问题，依然任重道远，急需长效机制的建立。尤其是在当前错综复杂的国内外环境的背景下，伴随着人民对美好生活需求的日益增长以及新情况、新问题的不断涌现，如何继续使用马克思主义贫困理论来指引中国贫困治理的战略进程，探索出一条符合我国国情的缓解相对贫困的路径，进而更好地解决中国的贫困问题，是社会各界不得不面对的现实性和紧迫性难题。

文章结合马克思主义贫困理论关于相对贫困的内涵、测度维度以及应对路径的相关内容，从物质和精神层面出发对西部农村地区的相对贫困现状进行了测度与时空演变分析，并通过构建基准模型以及分类别的回归模型，从个体与家庭特征和外部环境特征对西部农户家庭相对贫困的影响效果进行了实证分析与稳健性检验。

主要研究结果表明：（1）西部农村相对贫困呈现逐年恶化趋势，且主要由精神贫困所致。对比以往的研究结果，不考虑精神层面所测得的相对贫困情况均存在低估嫌疑；（2）西部农村地区相对贫困状况逐渐形成了南“强”北“弱”的格局。西南地区的相对贫困状况呈现出超过西北地区的趋势。但从相对物质贫困角度来看，南“降”北“升”，而从相对精神贫困角度看，南“升”北“降”； （3）年龄越大、身体健康状况越差、政治面貌为群众且没有参加养老保险的农户家庭越容易发生相对贫困。积极应对老龄群体的相对贫困、提升农户的健康水平以及健全社会保障体系是缓解相对贫困的重要着手点；（4）对于不同类别的相对贫困，各变量对其影响效果存在着差异性。主要表现在年龄和身体健康状况对相对物质贫困和相对精神贫困的影响效果方向相同；家庭人口规模、非农工作经历和经济发展水平仅对相对物质贫困有效果，对相对精神贫困影响效果不显著；婚姻状况、政治面貌与养老保险参与仅对相对精神贫困有效果，对相对物质贫困影响效果不显著。

根据马克思主义贫困理论、中国特色社会主义贫困理论体系以及以上研究的过程和结论，本文还分别从坚持公有制的主体地位，处理好政府、市场和社会的关系、尽快建立健全多维度的相对贫困识别指标体系、大力发展生产力，促进西部农村地区产业发展、提升人力资本质量，增强西部农村相对贫困人口内生发展动力、物质关注和精神关照并举、建立乡村振兴战略和西部农村相对贫困治理的衔接机制以及其它方面等七个方面提出了相应的西部农村相对贫困治理的建议，以期为西部农村地区更好地应对相对贫困提供智力借鉴与支持。

Since the founding of the Communist Party of China, it has been guided by the Marxist poverty theory to carry out China’s anti-poverty struggle, and has been continuously enriching and perfecting the Marxist poverty theory through inheritance and innovation, and has explored a poverty governance system with Chinese characteristics. It has made remarkable achievements in the fight against poverty. As the absolute poverty population in rural areas has all been lifted out of poverty under the current standards, the focus of China's anti-poverty work will also shift from eradicating absolute poverty to alleviating relative poverty from 2021. As the main battlefield for the elimination of absolute poverty, the western rural areas will still undertake the most arduous task in the future of relative poverty governance. There is still a long way to go to alleviate the relative poverty in western rural areas, and the establishment of a long-term mechanism is urgently needed. Especially in the context of the current complicated domestic and foreign environment, with the people’s increasing demand for a better life and the continuous emergence of new situations and new problems, how to continue to use Marxist poverty theory to guide the strategic process of China’s poverty governance and explore It is a realistic and urgent problem that all sectors of society have to face to find a path to alleviate relative poverty in line with my country's national conditions and to better solve China's poverty problem.

The article combines the Marxist poverty theory on the connotation, measurement dimensions, and coping paths of relative poverty. From the material and spiritual level, the relative poverty situation in western rural areas is measured and analyzed in time and space, and through the construction of a benchmark model and analysis. The regression model of categories conducted an empirical analysis and robustness test on the effects of individual and family characteristics and the external environment on the relative poverty of rural households in western China.

The main research results show that: (1) The relative poverty of rural areas in the western part of the country has been deteriorating year by year, and it is mainly caused by mental poverty. Compared with previous research results, the relative poverty measured regardless of the spiritual level is suspected of underestimation; (2) The relative poverty of rural areas in western China has gradually formed a pattern of “strong” in the south and “weak” in the north. The relative poverty in the Southwest has a tendency to exceed that in the Northwest. However, from the perspective of relative material poverty, the south “falls” and the north “rises”, while from the perspective of relative mental poverty, the south “rises” and the north “falls”; (3) The older the age, the worse the physical health, the political outlook of the masses and the peasant families who do not participate in pension insurance are more likely to suffer from relative poverty. Actively responding to the relative poverty of the elderly, improving the health of farmers and improving the social security system are important starting points for alleviating relative poverty; (4) for different categories of relative poverty, there are differences in the effects of different variables on their impact. It is mainly manifested in the same direction of the impact of age and physical health on relative material poverty and relative spiritual poverty; the size of the family population, non-agricultural work experience and economic development level are only effective on relative material poverty, but the impact on relative mental poverty is not significant; marital status, political outlook and pension insurance participation are only effective on relative spiritual poverty, and the effect on relative material poverty is not significant.

According to the Marxist poverty theory, the socialist poverty theory system with Chinese characteristics, and the process and conclusions of the above research, this article also adheres to the dominant position of public ownership, handles the relationship between the government, the market and the society, and establishes a sound multi-dimensional identification of relative poverty as soon as possible. Indicator system, vigorously develop productivity, promote industrial development in western rural areas, improve the quality of human capital, enhance the endogenous development motivation, material attention and spiritual care of the relatively poor population in western rural areas, and establish a rural revitalization strategy and a linkage mechanism for the governance of relative poverty in western rural areas As well as other aspects, seven aspects have put forward corresponding suggestions on the governance of relative poverty in western rural areas, in order to provide intellectual reference and support for the western rural areas to better deal with relative poverty.