经济学院知识库

随着我国人口老龄化进程加快以及人口结构的变化，老年抚养比不断上升，老年照料负担增加。而家庭养老在我国养老模式中占据主导地位，作为家庭养老模式的主要支撑力量的女性，在教育成本压力和自我意识的提高下，选择参与市场劳动实现自我价值，家庭养老模式面临挑战。在全面二孩政策推行的大背景下，女性作为生育和照料的主要承担者，生育和照料子女意味着需要重新分配有限时间，工作时间被家庭照料挤出后减少，二者存在排他性，使得女性在子女照料与就业间产生不可避免的冲突。缓解家庭照料责任与女性就业的矛盾十分必要。

在梳理国内外相关文献时，了解家庭照料者的困境、社会支持，女性就业面临的问题，家庭照料与女性就业的冲突，获得了家庭照料与女性就业的一般关系。在替代效应和收入效应、家庭经济学理论以及工作家庭边界理论等理论的支撑下，将家庭照料责任对女性就业进行全方位多角度分析。以“中国综合社会调查（CGSS）”为数据来源，利用Probit模型分析家庭照料责任对女性是否就业的影响，利用OLS模型分析家庭照料责任对女性工作时间、收入的影响。结果表明：参与家庭照料对女性是否就业、工作时长及工作收入的影响与传统认知并不一致，老年照料对女性就业并不产生抑制作用，反而通过与子女同住的方式削弱了家中有未成年子女对女性就业产生的消极作用，对女性就业产生间接促进作用，即代际支持间接促进女性就业；而未成年子女对女性就业情况的影响集中表现于学龄前子女，其他年龄段的影响则相对较弱。再将样本按城乡、受教育程度、居住方式的不同，分别回归分析不同视角的差异性。基于以上研究，提出减轻女性照料压力、促进就业的建议。

With the acceleration of the aging process of our country's population and the changes in the population structure, the old-age dependency ratio continues to rise, and the burden of elderly care is increasing. Family care for the elderly occupies a dominant position in my country's elderly care model. As the main support force of the family care model, women choose to participate in market labor to realize their self-worth under the pressure of education costs and increase in self-awareness. The family care model faces challenges. Under the general background of the implementation of the comprehensive two-child policy, women are the main bearers of childbirth and care. Childbearing and childcare means the need to redistribute limited time. Working time is reduced after being squeezed out by family care. The two are exclusive, which makes women There is an inevitable conflict between child care and employment. It is necessary to alleviate the contradiction between family care responsibilities and female employment.

When combing relevant domestic and foreign literature, I understand the plight of family caregivers, social support, the problems faced by women in employment, the conflict between family care and women’s employment, and gain the general relationship between family care and women’s employment. Supported by theories of substitution effect and income effect, family economics theory and work-family boundary theory, the family care responsibilities for female employment are analyzed from all angles. Using the "China Comprehensive Social Survey (CGSS)" as the data source, the Probit model is used to analyze the impact of family care responsibilities on women's employment, and the OLS model is used to analyze the impact of family care responsibilities on women's working hours and income. The results show that the impact of participating in family care on women’s employment, working hours, and work income is not consistent with traditional perceptions. Elderly care does not inhibit women’s employment. Instead, it weakens the presence of minors in the family by living with their children. The negative effect of children on female employment has an indirect promotion effect on female employment, that is, intergenerational support indirectly promotes female employment. Then, the samples are regressed to analyze the differences in different perspectives according to the differences in urban and rural areas, education levels, and living styles. Based on the above research, suggestions are made to reduce the pressure of female care and promote employment.