经济学院知识库

当前我国数字经济发展如火如荼，受数字技术和互联网发展等因素的影响，产业结构和就业结构随之发生天翻地覆的变化，就业市场状况和劳动力就业观念也随数字时代的发展不断更新。伴随着城镇化进程的加快和城乡融合程度的提升，大量农业人口选择非农就业，受到技能和受教育水平的限制，农民工多从事于劳动报酬低且不稳定、保障不充分、高体力强度的工作，就业质量相对其他劳动力来说较低。数字经济“催化剂”的加入一方面催生了一批新型就业形态，为农民工提供了更加丰富的就业选择；另一方面，人工智能和机器人产生的替代效应将对天然处于人力资本和信息资本劣势的农民工群体带来巨大冲击，社会保障政策法规的滞后性也导致新型就业形态下的农民工面临新型就业问题。党的十九大报告指出，“中国特色社会主义进入新时代，我国的社会主要矛盾已经转化为人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾。”在此基础上，劳动者就业亦然。“二十大”报告也指出“强化就业优先政策，健全就业促进机制，促进高质量充分就业”，就业质量也被给予特殊强调。劳动者对于高质量就业的需求不再局限于报酬等某一层面，职业对劳动者而言是包含了更多方面需要、追求实现更高层面自我发展的人生着力点。提升就业质量过程中政策的制定也应不仅具有普适性，更加重要的是关注每一个特殊群体的特殊需求。农民工作为广大劳动者群体中的弱势群体，其就业质量的提升更加具有必要性和重要现实意义，推动其高质量充分就业不仅能够提升其主观和家庭幸福感，对于实现两个百年奋斗目标和共同富裕也具有重要意义。

综合已有相关研究发现，学术界对就业质量影响因素和内在机制进行了深入分析，但对于就业质量测度指标尚未达成共识；同时数字浪潮下，针对数字经济这一影响因素的分析欠缺。本研究尝试利用2011-2019年中国家庭金融调查数据（CHFS），从劳动报酬、工作强度、工作稳定性和社会保障四个表现层面测度就业质量；并探究数字经济对农民工就业质量的影响及其趋势；从技能异质性角度分析了数字经济对不同技能农民工就业质量影响及影响方式的差异；进一步根据家庭生命周期理论划分样本研究了农民工家庭生命周期在数字经济对农民工就业质量影响中的调节效应。本研究得出如下结论：第一，数字经济能够提升农民工就业质量；第二，数字经济的发展能够提升农民工劳动报酬水平，降低农民工工作强度，提高农民工社会保障参与水平，但降低了农民工工作稳定性；第三，基于家庭生命周期，处于负担期的农民工主要受到数字经济对其就业质量产生的负面影响，处于赡养期的农民工受到数字经济对其就业质量产生的正效应，负担期家庭生命周期能够显著削弱农民工工作稳定性，处于赡养期家庭生命周期的农民工能够获得更强的工作稳定性和社会保障，而获得劳动报酬水平降低，农民工家庭最年轻一辈注入劳动力市场能够接收到更多来自数字经济时代的红利，从一个侧面说明数字经济对劳动力就业影响的“技能偏向性”，印证了数字经济背景下教育以及农民工技能培训的重要性；第四，数字经济对农民工就业质量的提升作用仅西部地区表现显著，数字经济对女性农民工就业质量的提升强于男性农民工。文末针对理论与实证结果提供了相应的政策建议。

At present, the development of China's digital economy is in full swing. Influenced by factors such as digital technology and the development of the Internet, the industrial structure and employment structure have undergone tremendous changes, and the employment market conditions and labor employment concepts have also been constantly updated with the development of the digital age. With the acceleration of urbanization and the improvement of urban-rural integration, a large number of agricultural populations choose non agricultural employment, which is limited by their skills and education level. Migrant workers are mostly engaged in jobs with low and unstable labor remuneration, insufficient security, and high physical intensity, and the quality of employment is relatively low compared to other labor forces. The addition of the "catalyst" of the digital economy has, on the one hand, given birth to a batch of new forms of employment, providing migrant workers with more diverse employment choices; On the other hand, the Substitution effect generated by artificial intelligence and robots will theoretically have a huge impact on migrant workers who are naturally disadvantaged in human capital and information capital. The lagging nature of social security policies and regulations also causes migrant workers under the new form of employment to face new employment problems.The report from the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China states, "As socialism with Chinese characteristics advances into a new era, the principal contradiction facing our society has evolved to one between the people's escalating desire for an improved quality of life and the uneven and insufficient development." Building on this assertion, the issue of employment for workers follows suit. The report from the 20th National Congress further underscores the need to "intensify the prioritization of employment policies, refine the framework for employment enhancement, and drive the realization of high-quality employment across the board," with a particular focus on elevating the standard of job opportunities. The demand for high-quality employment by workers is no longer limited to a certain level such as compensation. For workers, occupation is a life focus that includes more needs and the pursuit of self-development at a higher level. The formulation of policies in the process of improving employment quality should not only be universal, but more importantly, pay attention to the special needs of each special group. As a vulnerable group among the vast number of workers, it is more necessary and important to improve the employment quality of migrant workers. Promoting their high-quality and full employment can not only improve their subjective and family happiness, but also have important significance for achieving the two centennial goals and Common prosperity.

Based on relevant research findings, the academic community has conducted in-depth analysis of the factors and internal mechanisms that affect employment quality, but there is no consensus on the measurement indicators for high-quality employment, and there is a lack of analysis on the influencing factor of the digital economy in the digital wave. This study attempts to use the Chinese Household Finance Survey data (CHFS) from 2011 to 2019 to measure high-quality employment from four performance levels: labor compensation, work intensity, work stability, and social security; The exploration also extends to the impact of the digital economy on the high-quality employment of migrant workers and its trends; Analyzed the differences in the impact and ways of digital economy on the employment quality of migrant workers with different skills from the perspective of skill heterogeneity; Further dividing the sample based on the family life cycle theory, the moderating effect of the family life cycle of migrant workers on the impact of the digital economy on the employment quality of migrant workers was studied. This study concludes as follows: firstly, The digital economy has the potential to propel high-quality employment opportunities for migrant workers; Secondly, the development of the digital economy can improve the level of labor remuneration for migrant workers, reduce their work intensity, and increase their participation in social security, but reduce the stability of their work; Thirdly, based on the family life cycle, migrant workers in the burden period are mainly affected by the negative impact of the digital economy on their employment quality. Migrant workers in the support period are positively affected by the digital economy on their employment quality. The burden period family life cycle can significantly weaken the work stability of migrant workers, and migrant workers in the support period family life cycle can obtain stronger work stability and social security, As the level of labor remuneration decreases, the youngest generation of migrant workers' families who inject into the labor market can receive more dividends from the digital economy era, which from one side demonstrates the "skill bias" of the impact of the digital economy on labor employment and confirms the importance of education and skill training for migrant workers in the context of the digital economy; Fourthly, the digital economy's role in advancing high-quality employment for migrant workers is notably prominent only in the western region, and its positive effect on the employment quality of female migrant workers surpasses that of their male counterparts. At the end of the article, corresponding policy recommendations are provided based on theoretical and empirical results.