马克思主义学院知识库

数字财富的收入分配问题是新时代坚持和发展中国特色社会主义，从而完善基本收入分配制度的重大课题，马克思所有制理论是一个有机的整体，是数据要素所有者参与收入分配的重要理论指导。经过多年的收入分配的改革，数据作为新型生产要素参与收入分配是数字经济时代适应收入分配改革的必然要求与举措，而探究数字财富的创造与数据要素所有者参与收入分配的核心问题，是分析其数据所有权的经济实现过程，也就是在不同的数据要素所有者之间凭借其经济上的所有权，按数据要素在生产中的贡献获取相应收入的过程。

本论文充分吸收借鉴了国内外的研究成果，梳理了马克思所有制理论的形成 背景、形成过程和理论实质，分析了数据以及数据要素概念以及具体表现形式及 本质特点，探究了数据要素与其他生产要素的区别，研究了数据要素投入生产过 程中的价值形成以及价值创造问题，认为数据可以在投入生产过程中创造出基于 数字劳动的数字财富。在此基础之上发现数据要素所有权的经济实现过程进一步 验证了马克思所有制理论的科学性。数字经济时代虽然劳动的生产资料，劳动组 织形式以及生产方式都发生了很大的变化，但马克思所有制理论对于分析数字经济时代的重大理论问题仍然具有很强的现实意义。

第一章为绪论。这部分主要聚焦数据要素参与收入分配的现实基础以及提出背景，以及对国内外学界对于数据要素参与收入分配的思想以及有关对策进行梳理与总结，并对学界基于数据要素参与收入分配的思想进行述评与分析。第二章是关于数据以及数据要素等相关概念的厘定与解释，并对马克思所有制理论以及其中重要的马克思所有权理论进行梳理与阐述，阐述数字经济时代的新特点对马克思所有制理论分析范式产生的新变化，并结合农村土地三权分置的实践梳理了新时代以来马克思产权理论的创新与发展。第三章论述了数据要素所有者参与收入分配的现实基础与理论逻辑。主要聚焦数据要素在数字经济时代作为重要生产要素的功能以及对社会再生产在资源配置中的重要作用，理论基础主要论述了马克思的收入分配理论以及生产资料所有制为数据要素参与收入分配提供理论基础，第四章主要论述了数据要素所有者参与收入分配的现状以及存在的问题，主要聚焦于数据产权难界定等现实问题展开分析，第五章是结合马克思所有制理论中的所有权理论来提出完善数据要素所有者参与收入分配制度的完善的启示与对策建议。

基于文献分析法和历史与逻辑相统一的方法，以及从抽象上升到具体的研究方法梳理马克思的所有制理论以及新时代马克思所有权理论的新发展，从数据要素参与收入分配的学理基础出发力图寻找马克思所有权理论对于数据所有权界定的政策启示。文章认为，马克思所有制理论中的生产资料所有制理论要求筑牢健全数据要素参与收入分配的所有制保障，马克思所有权理论要求要加快完善数据要素产权的细化分类界定，以及加大对数据要素权利保护的法律机制；马克思收入分配理论要求建立健全科学的数据要素收入分配机制，通过上述研究，在理论与现实逻辑上阐发了马克思所有制理论对于数据要素所有者参与收入分配问题的指导价值与现实意义；在历史逻辑上，通过结合马克思所有权理论对新时代马克思产权理论的继承创新与发展的实践进行了研究，通过土地“三权分置”等实践问题来进行阐述，从而补充了马克思所有制理论中国化时代化的“根”与“魂”。

The issue of data element owners' participation in income distribution is a major topic in the new era to uphold and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics and improve the basic income distribution system. Marx's ownership theory is an organic whole and an important theoretical guidance for data element owners to participate in income distribution. After years of income distribution reform, the participation of data as a new production factor in income distribution is an inevitable requirement and measure to adapt to the reform of income distribution in the era of digital economy, and the core issue of exploring the creation of digital wealth and the participation of data element owners in income distribution is to analyze the economic realization process of their data ownership. In other words, the owners of different data elements obtain the corresponding income according to the contribution of data elements in production by virtue of their economic ownership.This paper fully draws on the research results at home and abroad, sorts out the formation background, formation process and theoretical essence of Marx's ownership theory, analyzes the concept, specific forms and essential characteristics of data and data elements, explores the difference between data elements and other production factors, and studies the value formation and value creation of data elements when they are put into production. The idea is that data can create digital wealth based on digital labor as it goes into production. On this basis, it is found that the economic realization process of data element ownership further validates the scientificity of Marx's ownership theory. Although the means of production of labor, the form of labor organization and the mode of production have undergone great changes in the era of digital economy, it is still of great practical significance to analyze the major theoretical issues in the era of digital economy.The first chapter is the introduction. This part mainly focuses on the realistic basis and background of data factors' participation in income distribution, combs and summarizes the thoughts and relevant countermeasures of domestic and foreign academic circles' participation in income distribution with data factors, and reviews and analyzes the thoughts of academic circles' participation in income distribution based on data factors. The second chapter is about the definition and interpretation of data and data elements and other related concepts, and combs and expounds Marx's theory of ownership and the important Marx's theory of ownership, and expounds the new characteristics of the digital economy era and the new changes in the analysis paradigm of Marx's theory of ownership. Combined with the practice of the three rights separation of rural land, this paper reviews the innovation and development of Marx's property rights theory since the new era. The third chapter discusses the realistic basic theory logic of data element owners participating in income distribution. It mainly focuses on the important role of data factors as important production factors in social reproduction and resource allocation in the era of digital economy. The theoretical basis mainly discusses Marx's income distribution theory and the ownership of means of production to provide the ownership theoretical basis for data factors to participate in income distribution. The fourth chapter mainly discusses the current situation and existing problems of data element owners' participation in income distribution, focusing on the analysis of practical problems such as the difficult definition of data property rights. The fifth chapter combines the property rights theory of Marx's ownership theory to provide inspiration and countermeasures for improving the data element owners' participation in income distribution system.Based on the method of literature analysis and the unification of history and logic, as well as the research method from abstract to concrete, the author combs Marx's ownership theory and the new development of Marx's ownership theory in the new era, and tries to find the policy enlightenment of Marx's ownership theory on the definition of data ownership from the theoretical basis of data elements' participation in income distribution. The article holds that the ownership theory of means of production in Marx's ownership theory requires to strengthen and improve the ownership guarantee of data factors participating in income distribution, and the theory of Marx's ownership requires to speed up the refinement of the classification and definition of data factors' property rights, and to increase the legal mechanism for the protection of data factors' rights. Marx's theory of income distribution requires the establishment and perfection of scientific data element income distribution mechanism. Through the above research, the author explains Marx's ownership theory to data in theory and reality logic.The guiding value and practical significance of factor owners' participation in income distribution; In the historical logic, this paper studies the practice of inheritance, innovation and development of Marx's theory of property rights in the new era through the combination of Marx's theory of ownership, and expounds practical issues such as the "separation of three rights" of land, so as to supplement the "root" and "soul" of Marx's theory of ownership in China.

Keywords：Marx's theory of ownership； Data elements ；Income distribution； Data ownership