马克思主义学院知识库

罗莎·卢森堡和列宁二人作为第二国际时期的革命家，始终坚持以马克思主义思想为指导，解决无产阶级政党在革命、发展道路上面对的问题，二人的思想理论成果对丰富和发展马克思主义思想体系有着重要意义。同时，二人对马克思主义理论体系内的各种问题进行过多次论争，关于无产阶级政党的建设问题就是其中之一。

本文通过分析二人关于无产阶级政党建设的著作与信件，认为列宁和罗莎·卢森堡都清楚得认识到不论是无产阶级革命过程中还是革命胜利后，党的建设理论都十分重要，二人关于党的建设理论都有一个共同的重要前提：必须构建一支先进的、纯洁的马克思主义政党以领导无产阶级革命胜利并完成向社会主义的过渡，直至建设无产阶级专政。先进的思想、革命的理论是建设先进的、纯洁的马克思主义政党的重要前提。因此，本文将着眼点放在二人同机会主义的斗争过程中，提炼出二者的无产阶级政党建设思想。

在党内民主的问题上，由于俄国国情的特殊性，列宁提出俄国必须建立自上而下的高度专制的集中制政党，认为只有如此才能将党的自身力量最大化，彻底摆脱沙皇压迫进而争取合法权益。罗莎·卢森堡所在的德国社会民主党一直拥有合法的社会权利与地位，能够公开集会和发表观点。因此，她在面对列宁提出的观点时未考虑俄国现实问题，以德国视角考虑俄国问题，进行激烈的抨击。在二人几次论争以及俄国革命取得成果后，列宁不断反思，吸取罗莎·卢森堡的民主观点，逐步提出民主集中制理论。本文认为，造成二人前期观点差异的原因在于各国社会民主党面对的政治环境的不同，列宁提出的专制的集中制放在俄国当时社会环境下，并非毫无道理；罗莎·卢森堡提出的民主思想从长远来看，也符合马克思主义思想，并无偏离。

基于无产阶级专政这一前提，二人对工会性质及作用的判断也略有不同。由于德国与俄国政治环境、经济发展状况以及资产阶级发展阶段等社会环境的不同，罗莎·卢森堡与列宁二人在回答如何建设无产阶级政党、建设怎样的无产阶级政党以及工会和党的关系问题上有较大分歧，产生过几次激烈的理论交锋。这些理论交锋在当时产生巨大影响，也对二人的党建理论体系影响颇深，为现今学术界理解和研究二人的思想提供重要帮助。

我们党作为世界上最大的马克思主义执政党，要始终赢得人民拥护、巩固长期执政地位，必须时刻保持清醒和坚定，解决大党面对的特殊难题和考验。十八大以来我党始终坚持全面从严治党，解决了党内许多突出问题，但党面临的执政考验、改革开放考验、市场经济考验、外部环境考验仍长期存在，精神懈怠危险、能力不足危险、脱离群众危险、消极腐败危险也将长期存在。全党必须牢记，全面从严治党永远在路上，党的自我革命永远在路上，决不能有松劲歇脚、疲劳厌战的情绪，必须持之以恒推进全面从严治党，深入推进新时代党的建设这一新的伟大工程，以党的自我革命引领社会革命。

Rosa Luxemburg and Lenin, as revolutionaries of the Second International, always adhered to Marxist thought as their guide to solve the problems faced by the proletarian party on the road of revolution and development, and their ideological and theoretical achievements were of great significance to the enrichment and development of the Marxist ideological system. At the same time, the two had many debates on various issues within the Marxist theoretical system, one of which was the question of the building of the proletarian party.

By analyzing their writings and letters on proletarian party building, this article argues that both Lenin and Rosa Luxemburg clearly understood that the theory of party building is very important, both in the process of the proletarian revolution and after the victory of the revolution, and that both of them have a common important premise on party building: it is necessary to build an advanced and pure Marxist party to lead the victory of the proletarian revolution and complete the transition to socialism, until the construction of the dictatorship of the proletariat. Advanced ideology and revolutionary theories are important prerequisites for building an advanced and pure Marxist political party. Therefore, this article focuses on the struggle between the two against opportunism and extracts their ideas on proletarian party building.

On the issue of inner-party democracy, due to the peculiarities of Russia's national conditions, Lenin proposed that Russia must establish a centralized system that realizes a high degree of autocracy from top to bottom, believing that only in this way can the party's own strength be maximized, completely free from the oppression of the tsar and strive for legitimate rights and interests. Rosa Luxemburg's Social Democratic Party has always had the legal right and status to meet and express its views publicly. In the face of Lenin's point of view, she did not consider the actual problems of Russia, and considered the Russian problem from a German perspective, and fiercely attacked. After several debates between the two men and the results of the Russian Revolution, Lenin continued to reflect, absorbing Rosa Luxemburg's democratic views, and gradually put forward the theory of democratic centralism. This article argues that the reason for the difference in the views of the two in the early period lies in the different political environments faced by the social democratic parties of various countries, and it is not unreasonable for Lenin's authoritarian centralism to be placed in the social environment of Russia at that time; The democratic ideas put forward by Rosa Luxemburg are also in line with Marxist ideas in the long run, and do not deviate.

Based on the premise of the dictatorship of the proletariat, the two men also have slightly different judgments on the nature and role of trade unions. Due to the different social environments such as the political environment, economic development and bourgeois development stage between Germany and Russia, Rosa Luxemburg and Lenin had great differences in answering questions about how to build a proletarian party, what kind of proletarian party to build, how to deal with the relationship between the party and the masses, and the relationship between trade unions and the party, and had several fierce theoretical confrontations. These theoretical confrontations had a great impact at that time, and also had a profound impact on the theory of party building system of the two, and also provided important help for the understanding and research of their ideas in today's academic circles.

As the world's largest Marxist ruling party, our party must always remain sober and firm in order to win the support of the people and consolidate its long-term ruling position, and solve the special problems and tests faced by the big party. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, our party has always adhered to administering the party strictly in an all-round way and solved many conspicuous problems within the party, but the tests facing the party in ruling, reform and opening up, market economy, and the external environment still exist for a long time, and the dangers of mental slackness, lack of ability, separation from the masses, and passive corruption will also exist for a long time. The whole party must always bear in mind that comprehensively administering the party strictly is always on the road, and the party's self-revolution is always on the road; it must never have the mood of relaxing and resting and tired of war; it must persistently promote the comprehensive and strict management of the party, deeply promote the new great project of party building in the new era, and lead the social revolution with the party's self-revolution.