财税与公共管理学院知识库

“稳就业”是“稳经济”和“稳社会”的关键枢纽。为促进就业，党的二十大报告中提出了“实施就业优先战略，强化就业优先政策，健全就业促进机制，促进高质量充分就业”的重要论述。中小企业数量多、涉及面广，在“稳就业”中起着举足轻重的作用，中小企业的稳定性在某种程度上决定着就业市场的稳定性。现今，世界上超过70%的劳动力岗位都是由中小企业所提供。由此可见，中小企业在吸收就业方面发挥了巨大的作用。而在当前经济下行压力不断加大的背景下，不少中小企业都面临着税负重、融资难等问题，发展环境较为艰难，不利于其在“稳就业”方面潜力的激发。本文尝试从微观角度探究税收优惠对于中小企业就业吸纳能力的影响，并分行业、分地区进行异质性分析研究，明晰税收优惠对中小企业就业吸纳能力的影响机理，以期对如何从税收优惠角度促进中小企业健康发展以更好发挥其“稳就业”作用提供有针对性的政策启示。

为此，本文在对国内外相关文献梳理分析的基础上，首先对中小企业、就业吸纳能力和税收优惠的概念进行界定，并对中小企业税收优惠政策影响劳动力需求的机理进行理论分析，其次对当前中小企业所享受的税收优惠现状进行了梳理并分析，再次选取了2012～2021年十年间329家深证A股中小板上市公司面板数据，以样本企业税收优惠为核心解释变量，以样本企业年末在职员工的自然对数作为衡量其自身吸纳就业能力的被解释变量，通过固定效应模型来进行中小企业税收优惠对其就业吸纳能力影响机理的实证研究。研究发现：第一，中小企业税收优惠与其自身吸纳就业能力之间存在正相关关系，且在1％的水平上显著，中小企业税收优惠政策的实施对其就业吸纳能力的发挥有显著促进作用。第二，分行业来看，在服务业企业和制造业企业中，中小企业税收优惠均会对其自身吸纳就业能力产生显著正向影响，且相比于制造业，服务业中小企业的这一正向影响更为显著；分企业所处不同地区来看，东中西部地区企业税收优惠均会对其自身吸纳就业能力产生显著正向影响，且相比东中部地区，西部地区企业的这一关系显著性更强。且为了保证基准回归结果的可靠性，本文通过将解释变量和控制变量均滞后一期的方法、缩短样本企业年份和更换回归方法的方式再次进行回归，回归结果与基准回归结果基本相同，验证了实证结果的稳健性。最后，对本文分析总结并结合实际情况以完善税收优惠政策提出了相关建议。

"Stable employment" is a key pivot for "a stable economy" and "a stable society". To promote employment, the report of the 20th Party Congress made the important statement of "implementing the employment priority strategy, strengthening the employment priority policy, improving the employment promotion mechanism, and promoting high-quality and full employment". SMEs play a pivotal role in "stabilising employment" because of their large number and wide coverage. The stability of SMEs determines the stability of the job market to a certain extent. Today, over 70% of the world's workforce is provided by SMEs. This shows that SMEs play a huge role in absorbing employment. However, against the backdrop of increasing downward pressure on the economy, many SMEs are facing problems such as heavy tax burden and difficulties in financing, making the development environment more difficult, which is not conducive to stimulating their potential in "stabilising employment". This paper attempts to explore the impact of tax incentives on the employment absorption capacity of SMEs from a micro perspective, and conducts heterogeneous analysis by industry and region to clarify the mechanism of the impact of tax incentives on the employment absorption capacity of SMEs, with a view to providing targeted policy insights on how to promote the healthy development of SMEs from the perspective of tax incentives to better play its "employment stabilization" role. In order to provide targeted policy insights on how to promote the healthy development of SMEs from the perspective of tax incentives to better play its role in "stabilising employment".

To this end, based on a review of relevant literature at home and abroad, this paper firstly defines the concepts of SMEs, employment absorption capacity and tax incentives, and theoretically analyses the mechanism by which the tax incentives for SMEs affect labour demand. A panel of 329 small and medium-sized companies listed on the SZSE A-share from 2012 to 2021 was selected, with tax incentives as the core explanatory variable and the natural logarithm of the sample companies' year-end active employees as the explanatory variable to measure their own employment absorption capacity, and a fixed-effects model was used to conduct an empirical study on the mechanism of the impact of tax incentives on SMEs' employment absorption capacity. The study found that: firstly, there is a positive relationship between SMEs' tax incentives and their own employment absorption capacity, and it is significant at the 1% level, and the implementation of SMEs' tax incentives has significantly contributed to their employment absorption capacity. Secondly, by industry, tax incentives for SMEs have a significant positive impact on their own employment absorption capacity in both service and manufacturing industries, and this positive impact is more significant for service SMEs than for manufacturing enterprises. This relationship is more significant for enterprises in the west than in the east and central regions. In order to ensure the reliability of the baseline regression results, the regression was conducted again by lagging both the explanatory and control variables by one period, shortening the year of the sample enterprises and changing the regression method, and the regression results were basically the same as the baseline regression results, which verified the robustness of the empirical results. Finally, relevant suggestions are made to summarise the analysis of this paper and combine it with the actual situation in order to improve the tax incentive policy.