法学院知识库

摘 要

        随着数据经济的蓬勃兴起，大数据作为一种以预测为核心的信息资产可以提高企业的创新力和生产力，但是数据经济在稳步发展的同时，大数据经营者利用市场支配地位和数据优势排除或者限制竞争的情形凸显，已经严重侵害了正常的市场经营秩序。然而，传统经济法背景下的反垄断法律规范对此类新型问题的处理时常呈现出束手无策的局面。由于现行法律规范关于大数据经营者滥用市场支配地位的行为规制问题存在立法空白，司法实践对大数据经营者行为进行处理时尚未实现反垄断法律预设的规范功能。有鉴于此，为缓解大数据时代新型纠纷面临的适用障碍，有必要厘清大数据经营者滥用市场支配地位存在的具体问题，并结合国外累积的司法实务经验，对我国大数据经营者滥用市场支配地位的行为作出明确的法律规制。

        首先，本文阐述了大数据经营者滥用市场支配地位反垄断规制的基础理论，介绍了大数据经营者滥用市场支配地位的原因、类型及危害，并对大数据经营者滥用市场支配力的行为进行规制的必要性加以论证；其次，基于大数据经营者滥用市场支配地位的反垄断规制现状，通过分析总结出我国关于规制大数据经营者垄断行为所面临的现实问题，主要问题在于市场界定陷入困境、传统相关市场界定方法失灵、大数据经营者支配地位认定标准模糊、市场份额和销售量标准难以适用于大数据企业、滥用市场支配地位的法律责任轻微、反垄断执法保障不足、举证责任分配不合理等；再次，本文通过对域外国家如：美国、欧盟及日本在滥用市场支配地位方面的反垄断规制经验进行分析，总结出符合我国反垄断规制的有益启示；最后，本文提出了完善反垄断规制的相关建议：在滥用市场支配地位的判断上，应当明确大数据经营相关市场的界定方法、调整市场支配地位的认定标准、健全滥用市场支配地位反垄断法律规范的条款和内容；在优化反垄断执法层面，加强滥用市场支配地位的法律责任惩治、健全大数据经营者的监管形式，同时建立案例指导体系，采用举证责任倒置的方式来降低消费者的举证成本。

Abstract

    With the continuous evolution of the digitization process, big data as an information asset with prediction as the core, can improve the innovation and productivity of enterprises. However, while the big data economy is booming, the situation that big data operators use market dominance and data advantages to exclude or restrict competition is prominent, which has seriously violated the normal market operation order. However, the anti-monopoly liability regulation under the background of traditional economic law often presents a helpless situation in dealing with such new problems. Because there is a legislative gap in the current legal norms on the behavior regulation of big data operators abusing their dominant market position, the judicial practice has not yet achieved the normative function preset by anti-monopoly law. In view of this, in order to alleviate the application obstacles faced by new disputes in the era of big data, it is necessary to clarify the specific problems existing in the abuse of market dominance by big data operators, and combine the accumulated judicial practice experience abroad to make clear legal regulations on the abuse of market dominance by big data operators in China.

    First of all, this paper expounds the basic theory of anti-monopoly regulation of big data operators' abuse of market dominance, introduces the causes, types and harms of big data operators' abuse of market dominance, and demonstrates the necessity of regulating the behavior of big data operators' abuse of market power. Secondly, based on the status quo of anti-monopoly regulation of big data operators abusing their dominant market position, this paper summarizes the practical problems faced by China in regulating monopoly behavior of big data operators through analysis. The main problems are that the market definition is in trouble, the traditional relevant market definition methods fail, the big data operators' dominant position identification criteria are vague, the market share and sales volume standards are difficult to apply to big data enterprises, the legal liability for abuse of market dominance is slight, the anti-monopoly law enforcement protection is insufficient, and the burden of proof is unreasonable. Thirdly, this paper analyzes the anti-monopoly regulation experience of foreign countries such as the United States, the European Union and Japan in terms of abuse of market dominance, and summarizes the beneficial enlightenment of China's anti-monopoly regulation; Finally, this paper puts forward some suggestions to improve anti-monopoly regulation: In the judgment of abuse of market dominance, we should clarify the definition of the market related to big data operation, adjust the identification criteria of market dominance, and improve the provisions and contents of the anti-monopoly legal norms for abuse of market dominance; At the level of optimizing anti-monopoly law enforcement, we should strengthen the punishment of legal responsibility for abuse of market dominance, improve the regulatory form of big data operators, and establish a case guidance system to reduce the cost of proof for consumers by reversing the burden of proof.