MBA教育中心知识库

摘  要

   排污权交易机制是国内外最早研究并付诸实践的市场化治理污染和保护环境手段，有助于实现降污减排的总体目标，有效降低全社会治理成本，是行政调控和法律规制手段必要的补充。2014年，随着我国相关法规完善和制度出台，排污权交易在全国开始广泛试点和快速发展，兰州市正是这一时期建立了排污权交易制度并着手实践，统揽目前国内排污权交易开展的情况，普遍存在定价机制僵化、价格地域差异大、市场活跃度低的问题，价格是市场机制运行的核心，排污权初始价格是排污权交易机制的关键，而初始交易价格通常由政府制定，这就需要科学合理、符合实际的定价方法。

   因此，本文以排污权初始交易定价为研究内容，首先阐述相关概念、理论基础和国内外交易实践情况，总结交易的特点以及定价的难点；其次，分析初始交易定价的基本原则和影响因素，选用环境重置成本法三层成本结构理念构建排污权初始交易定价模型，并利用经济学、会计学和环境工程等学科知识设定模型变量及公式，力求能科学、全面、规范的反映排污权的真实成本，特别是通常被忽视的外部成本；最后，以兰州市烟粉尘排污权初始价格为实例分析对象，对相关真实数据进行比较分析、比例分析、对标分析等定量分析方法，选取参数代入模型进行核算，以增加城镇居民医疗保健额外支出的角度初步核算了烟粉尘对兰州市城镇居民造成的外部成本，并设定外部成本内部转换比例的情形得出了烟粉尘排污权的初始价格，并对定价结果进行了分析，强调了外部成本的重要性和总量控制指标与定价的量价关系，同时归纳了模型在实际定价应用中的注意事项。

   经过本文研究，检验了环境重置成本法应用于排污权初始交易定价的可行性和合理性，结合实例分析得出了两点结论：一是排污权交易机制作用的发挥关键在于初始交易定价，初始价格对整个交易体系和政策效果都有着深远的影响；二是排污权的外部成本虽然尚未有规范和统一的计量方式，但由于其数额巨大、影响广泛，应尝试以科学的方法在排污权初始价格中适当反映，从而引起全社会对环保的重视。

Abstract

   The emission trading mechanism is the earliest market-based pollution control and environmental protection method that has been researched and put into practice at home and abroad. It helps to achieve the overall goal of reducing pollution and emission reduction, and effectively reduces the cost of governance for the whole society. It is also a necessary supplement to the means of administrative regulation and legal regulation. In 2014, with the improvement of relevant laws and regulations and the introduction of the system in China, the emission rights trading began to be widely piloted and developed rapidly, Lanzhou city established the emission rights trading system and started to practice  during this period. Observing the current situation of domestic emissions trading, there are some problems such as rigid pricing mechanism, large regional differences in prices and low trading activity. Price is the core of the operation of the market mechanism. The initial price of emission rights is the key to the emission rights trading mechanism and  usually set by the government. So the initial transaction pricing require scientific, reasonable and practical pricing methods.

    Therefore, this paper takes the initial transaction pricing of emission rights as the research content. First, it expounds the relevant concepts, theoretical basis, and domestic and foreign transaction practices, and summarizes the characteristics of transactions and the difficulties in pricing. Secondly, it analyzes the basic principles and influencing factors of initial transaction pricing. The three-tier cost structure concept of the environmental replacement cost method is used to construct the initial transaction pricing model of emission rights, and the model variables and formulas are set using the knowledge of economics, accounting and environmental engineering, and strive to reflect the emission rights in a scientific, comprehensive and standardized manner, and strives to scientific, comprehensive and standardized reflection of the real cost of emission rights, especially the external cost that is usually ignored; finally, taking the initial price of the emission right of smoke and dust in Lanzhou as an example analysis object, quantitative analysis methods such as comparative analysis, proportional analysis, and benchmarking analysis are carried out on the relevant real data, and the selected parameters are substituted into the model is used for calculation, and the external cost caused by soot and dust to urban residents in Lanzhou City is preliminarily calculated from the perspective of increasing the additional expenditure on medical care of urban residents. The results of pricing are analyzed, the importance of external costs and the relationship between volume and price between total control indicators and pricing are emphasized.

    Through the research of this paper, the feasibility and rationality of the environmental replacement cost method in the initial transaction pricing of emission rights are tested, and two conclusions are drawn based on the analysis of examples: first, the key to the role of the emission rights trading mechanism is the initial transaction pricing; The initial price has a far-reaching impact on the entire trading system and policy effects; secondly, although there is no standardized and unified measurement method for the external cost of emission rights, due to its huge amount and wide-ranging influence, it is necessary to try to properly reflect it in the initial price of emission rights in a scientific way, so as to attract the attention of the whole society to environmental protection.