A Study on the Characteristics and Influencing Factors of the Global Grain Virtual Water Trade Network

doi:10.3390/w17030288

	A Study on the Characteristics and Influencing Factors of the Global Grain Virtual Water Trade Network
	Deng, Guangyao1,2 ; Di, Keyu2
	2025-02
发表期刊	WATER
卷号	17 期号:3
摘要	With the deepening of international trade and the increasing strain on water resources, the importance of the virtual water trade of grain products on an international level has become increasingly prominent. Based on FAOSTAT and water value research reports, this study constructed the virtual water trade networks of wheat, rice, maize, and soybeans for 29 major grain trading countries in 2012 and 2022 and measured their network indicators and virtual water flow patterns. In addition, a QAP regression analysis was used to study the influencing factors of the virtual water trade network for grain products from the perspective of four dimensions: economic scale, geographical characteristics, resource endowment, and policy agreements. The results were as follows: Firstly, from 2012 to 2022, the virtual water trade of wheat and rice shifted from a state of net virtual water outflow to net virtual water inflow, and the overall net virtual water flows of maize and soybeans both showed a net virtual water inflow. Secondly, wheat's virtual water trade network participants had reduced obvious small-world features, and KOR, the USA, TUR, and IND have long been at the center of that network. When the core nodes of the virtual water trade network of rice were reduced, the network tended to be decentralized. In that network, IND, NPL, the USA, and ZAF always occupied dominant positions. The overall connectivity of the maize virtual water trade network increased, with both the USA and JPN as the trade core. The number of core countries in the soybean virtual water trade network increased; significantly, CHN, the USA, and THA were in dominant positions. Lastly, the GDP at the economic scale was the biggest core driving factor of all virtual water trade networks of various grain products, followed by per capita arable land area in terms of resource endowment. In addition, the geographic characteristics and trade agreements of the virtual water trade networks of grain products also had a more significant negative impact. This paper argues that countries should make trade adjustments for their own developing disadvantaged grain products, vigorously develop their national economies, optimize the structure of the grain trade, and promote benign cooperation in international virtual water trade for grain products.
关键词	virtual water grain trade social network analysis QAP regression analysis
DOI	10.3390/w17030288
收录类别	SCIE ; EI
语种	英语
WOS研究方向	Environmental Sciences & Ecology ; Water Resources
WOS类目	Environmental Sciences ; Water Resources
WOS记录号	WOS:001419256200001
出版者	MDPI
EI入藏号	20250717878210
EI主题词	Regression analysis
EI分类号	1009.3 Energy Policy ; 101.1 Biomedical Engineering ; 101.7 Biotechnology ; 102 Medicine and Pharmacology ; 1202.2 Mathematical Statistics ; 481.4 Geophysical Prospecting ; 821.5 Agricultural Products ; 911.2 Industrial Economics ; 912 Industrial Engineering and Management ; 971 Social Sciences
原始文献类型	Article
EISSN	2073-4441
引用统计	被引频次：2[WOS] [WOS记录] [WOS相关记录]
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://ir.lzufe.edu.cn/handle/39EH0E1M/38751
专题	统计与数据科学学院
通讯作者	Deng, Guangyao
作者单位	1.Lanzhou Univ Finance & Econ, Econ Res Inst Belt & Rd Initiat, Lanzhou 730020, Peoples R China; 2.Lanzhou Univ Finance & Econ, Sch Stat & Data Sci, Lanzhou 730020, Peoples R China
第一作者单位	兰州财经大学; 统计与数据科学学院
通讯作者单位	兰州财经大学; 统计与数据科学学院
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Deng, Guangyao,Di, Keyu. A Study on the Characteristics and Influencing Factors of the Global Grain Virtual Water Trade Network[J]. WATER,2025,17(3).
APA	Deng, Guangyao,&Di, Keyu.(2025).A Study on the Characteristics and Influencing Factors of the Global Grain Virtual Water Trade Network.WATER,17(3).
MLA	Deng, Guangyao,et al."A Study on the Characteristics and Influencing Factors of the Global Grain Virtual Water Trade Network".WATER 17.3(2025).