统计与数据科学学院知识库

全球价值链（GVC）改变了传统贸易格局，成为世界经济新的主导特征。中国自加入WTO以来，利用人口红利、资源禀赋优势，以加工贸易为手段，逐步嵌入发达国家主导的GVC。然而，对于中国嵌入GVC能否推进技术发展水平、缩小同发达国家的技术差距等成为研究焦点。鉴于此，本文以制造业为例，对中国和美国嵌入全球价值链位置进行测度和比较分析，基于全球价值链位置指标对中美两国的产业技术差距进行测度。基于综合技术效率、纯技术效率和规模效率对中国制造业的技术进步进行测度分析，最后分析基于GVC地位指数及参与度指数的中美技术差距对我国制造业技术进步的影响情况。

研究结果表明：第一，基于GVC地位指数的中美技术差距测算结果显示，中美两国制造业产业技术差距较大的行业是电气及电子机械器材制造业（C14），机械制造业（C13），皮革、毛皮、羽毛（绒）及鞋类制品业（C05）；基于GVC参与度指数（Koopman等，2010）测算结果显示，中美两国制造业技术差距较大的行业是皮革、毛皮、羽毛（绒）及鞋类制品业（C05），纺织及服装制造业（C04），其他制造业及资源回收加工业（C16）。第二，综合技术效率结果说明我国制造业整体技术水平不高；纯技术效率结果说明我国制造业整体上注重新产品、新工艺的研发；规模效率结果说明我国制造业大部分行业通过扩大生产规模、专业化分工等方法提高其规模效率，进而促进技术进步。第三，基于GVC地位指数与基于GVC前向参与度指数的中美技术差距能显著提高制造业技术进步，且技术差距越大，越能促进我国制造业技术进步。第四，由于中国在国际分工中承担着加工组装等低技术、低附加值活动，高端人才、先进技术等投入要素不足，长期被俘获和锁定在GVC低端环节，因此基于GVC后向参与度指数的中美技术差距不能促进技术进步。第五，行业规模（Scale）、行业出口密度（Open）、研发投入（RD）、资本强度（Capd）与技术进步显著负相关，而人力资本（HC）与技术进步显著正相关，人力资本是促进我国制造业技术进步的重要因素。

The Global value chain (GVC) has changed the traditional trade pattern and become the new dominant feature of the world economy. Since its accession to the WTO, China has taken advantage of its demographic dividend and resource endowment to gradually embed itself in the GVC led by developed countries by means of processing trade. However, whether China's embedding GVC can promote the level of technological development and narrow the technological gap with developed countries has become the focus of research. In view of this, this paper takes the manufacturing industry as an example to measure and compare the embedded position of China and the United States in the global value chain, and measures the industrial technology gap between China and the United States based on the position index of the global value chain. This paper measures and analyzes the technological progress of China's manufacturing industry based on total factor productivity, and finally analyzes the influence of the technological gap between China and the United States based on GVC status index and participation index on the technological progress of China's manufacturing industry.

The research results show that: First, the technology gap between China and the United States based on GVC status index shows that the industries with a large technology gap between China and the United States are electrical and electronic machinery equipment manufacturing (C14), machinery manufacturing (C13), leather, fur, feather (velvet) and footwear industry (C05); Based on the GVC participation Index (Koopman et al., 2010), the calculation results show that the industries with a big gap in manufacturing technology between China and the United States are leather, fur, feather (velvet) and footwear industry (C05), textile and clothing manufacturing industry (C04), other manufacturing industries and resource recycling processing industry (C16). Second, the comprehensive technical efficiency results show that the overall technical level of China's manufacturing industry is not high; The results of pure technical efficiency show that China's manufacturing industry as a whole pays attention to the research and development of new products and new processes; The scale efficiency results show that most manufacturing industries in China improve their scale efficiency by expanding production scale and specialized division of labor, thus promoting technological progress. Third, the technology gap between China and the US based on GVC status index and GVC forward participation index can significantly improve manufacturing technology progress, and the larger the technology gap, the more it can promote China's manufacturing technology progress. Fourth, because China is engaged in low-technology, low-value-added activities such as processing and assembly in the international division of labor, high-end talents, advanced technology and other input factors are insufficient, and it has been captured and locked in the low-end link of GVC for a long time, so the technology gap between China and the United States based on the GVC backward participation index cannot promote technological progress. Fifth, industry Scale (Scale), industry export density (Open), investment in research and development (RD), capital intensity (Capd) are significantly negatively correlated with technological progress, while human capital (HC) is significantly positively correlated with technological progress. Human capital is an important factor promoting technological progress in China's manufacturing industry.