金融学院知识库

摘要

近年来，伴随着人工智能、区块链、大数据等新技术的兴起与普及，我国经济发展进入数字时代，进而催生出一系列以平台经济、共享经济、零工经济等为主要形式的新就业形态。新的就业模式与行业类型将创造出规模空前的就业岗位，并且成为经济发展的内生增长点，创造可观的经济效益。同时，社保制度作为国家治理体系的重要内容，担负着稳定劳动关系、抵御劳动群体收入下降所引致风险的角色。由于新业态呈现出点对点、自雇属性、平台化等特征，使得该群体从传统的用工关系中被动剥离，并使之成为现行的劳动法律和社保政策的漏出对象。加之新业态从业群体收入波动较大、职业伤害多发，该群体的社保权益保障问题亟待解决。在此背景下，本文针对新业态从业群体社保参保问题展开研究。

本文基于分配正义理论、理性选择理论、生命周期理论等经济学理论，拟采用结构式访谈与微观调研结合的方式，切实获取新业态从业群体对现行社会保险的需求位序，以及该群体社保参保现状与参保意愿方面的数据，将影响新业态从业人员参保的因素细分为个人层面、家庭层面、就业层面、制度认知层面展开实地调研。调研结果表明：（1）群体基本养老保险待遇水平不高，医疗保险报销情形受限；（2）工伤保险参保率不高，且用工关系缺乏规范性；（3）参加社会保险的意愿不强，保费负担重；（4）对现行社保政策认知存在盲区。根据对微观调研数据的整理，运用多元线性回归模型对影响新业态从业群体参保因素进行实证分析。实证结果表明：（1）个人情况层面中从业人员的年龄、住所性质、受教育程度对参保意愿影响显著，不同年龄阶段在参保意愿上存在差异；（2）家庭状况中未成年子女数量、婚姻状况以及养老负担对于参保意愿均影响显著；（3）就业状况中新业态类型、更换工作频次、月均收入对参保意愿影响显著；（4）制度认知层面中对政策的信任程度以及工作期间所面临的最大风险与参保意愿最强烈的险别对参保意愿影响显著。

基于以上结论与历年有关社保政策的梳理，本文从参保机制、法律体系、产品供给与宣传四个方面提出对策。第一，建议科研机构和政府部门探究引导新业态群体的参保机制，设计更为灵活适用的补贴政策，扩大承保范围及保障力度，不断提高该群体社会保险的参保率，探索激励该群体参加社保的长效机制；第二，构建完善的劳动法律体系，明确用工关系，提升该群体社保参与的规范化水平，避免无保、断保、漏保等现象；第三，加强社保产品的创新与供给，依托大数据等数字技术积极开展“互联网+”融合，提升经办服务效率和水平，满足该群体的有效供给和需求；第四，相关部门还应当做好社保政策宣传与讲解，提升参保意识，更好的保障该群体的社会权益。

关键词：共享经济 新业态 社会保险 影响因素

Abstract

In recent years, with the rise and popularization of new technologies such as artificial intelligence, blockchain and big data, China's economic development has entered the digital age, which has spawned a series of new employment forms mainly in the form of platform economy, sharing economy and gig economy. The new employment pattern and industry type will create unprecedented jobs, and become the internal growth point of economic development, and create considerable economic benefits. At the same time, as an important part of the national governance system, the social security system plays a role of stabilizing labor relations and resisting risks caused by the decline of labor group income. Due to the characteristics of peer-to-peer, self-employment and platformization of the new industry, this group is passively separated from the traditional employment relationship and becomes the leakage object of the current labor laws and social security policies. In addition, the income of the new business group fluctuates greatly and the occupational injuries are frequent, so the problem of protecting the social security rights and interests of this group needs to be solved urgently. In this context, this paper studies the social security participation of new business groups.

Based on economic theories such as distributive justice theory, rational choice theory and life cycle theory, this paper intends to use the combination of structural interview and micro survey to effectively obtain the sequence of the demand for the current social insurance of the new business group, as well as the data of the current situation and willingness of the group to participate in social insurance. The factors affecting the insurance participation of new business practitioners are subdivided into individual level, family level, employment level and system cognition level to carry out field research. The results show that: (1) the group basic endowment insurance treatment level is not high, medical insurance reimbursement situation is limited; (2) The participation rate of industrial injury insurance is not high, and the employment relationship is not normative; (3) The willingness to participate in social insurance is not strong, and the premium burden is heavy; (4) There is a blind spot in the cognition of current social security policies. Based on the collation of the micro survey data, the multiple linear regression model is used to make an empirical analysis of the factors affecting the insurance participation of the new business group. The empirical results show that: (1) At the level of personal situation, the age, the nature of residence and the level of education of employees have a significant impact on the intention to participate in insurance, and there are differences in the intention to participate in insurance at different ages; (2) The number of minor children, marital status and pension burden in the family have a significant impact on the intention to participate in insurance. (3) The new type of employment, the frequency of job change and the average monthly income have a significant impact on the intention to participate in insurance; (4) From the perspective of system cognition, the degree of trust in policy, the greatest risk faced during work and the insurance coverage with the strongest intention have a significant impact on the insurance participation intention.

Based on the above conclusions and the review of social security policies over the years, this paper proposes countermeasures from four aspects: insurance participation mechanism, legal system, product supply and publicity. First, it is suggested that scientific research institutions and government departments explore and guide the insurance participation mechanism of new business groups, design more flexible and applicable subsidy policies, expand the coverage and security intensity, constantly improve the social insurance participation rate of this group, and explore a long-term mechanism to encourage this group to participate in social security. Second, build a perfect labor legal system, clarify the employment relationship, improve the standardization level of social security participation of this group, and avoid the phenomenon of no insurance, break insurance, missing insurance. Third, strengthen the innovation and supply of social security products, actively carry out "Internet plus" integration relying on big data and other digital technologies, improve the efficiency and level of handling services, and meet the effective supply and demand of this group; Fourth, relevant departments should also do a good job in the publicity and explanation of social security policies, enhance the awareness of insurance participants, and better protect the social rights and interests of this group.

Key words: Sharing economy; New business forms; Social insurance; Influencing factors