金融学院知识库

摘 要

城乡收入差距过大是甘肃省长期以来一直存在、也一直致力于解决的问题。2020年，脱贫攻坚战的全面胜利意味着甘肃省已消除绝对贫困，城乡收入差距也因此得到大幅改善，但相对贫困等问题的存在使得甘肃省城乡收入差距仍然处于高位，问题依然严峻。脱贫攻坚等实践证明，普惠金融能够有效缓解农村居民和贫困群体在获取信贷等金融服务和产品时面临的金融约束，为绝对贫困的消除和城乡收入差距的缩减发挥了重要作用。当前，我国的普惠金融主要有以下两种：一是传统普惠金融，其在过去十数年中通过提供线下金融服务为脱贫及城乡收入差距改善做出了巨大贡献，但近年来受成本过高等问题影响，作用效果逐渐弱化。二是数字普惠金融，借助互联网优势其线上金融服务能够更好地触及和服务每一位帮扶对象。

目前，传统和数字普惠金融同时影响着甘肃省城乡收入差距，二者影响效果的差异决定了他们将来的发展前景可能不同。因此，将两者对甘肃省城乡收入差距影响的差异进行比较研究，并据此提出甘肃省相关建议，在传统与数字普惠金融方面进行协调发展，对更好解决全省城乡收入差距问题，有着十分重要的意义。对此，本文通过以下研究进行补充：首先，本文在文献梳理的基础上，对甘肃省传统和数字普惠金融发展现状进行了深入剖析。其次，本文依据普惠金融影响城乡收入差距的相关理论，分析了相关作用机理，同时结合甘肃省普惠金融发展现状提出了研究假设。最后，本文利用甘肃省2016-2020年73个区县的面板数据，利用双向固定效应模型，分别对比了二者在整体、分区县及分维度层面的影响差异，并检验了“倒U型”效应。

研究结果表明：①甘肃省传统普惠金融发展已进入相对稳定阶段，同时区县差异较大，而数字普惠金融仍有较大发展空间且区县差异小。②传统和数字普惠金融对甘肃省城乡收入差距的影响都存在“正U型”效应。③整体层面上，传统普惠金融对甘肃省城乡收入差距的缩减作用更好，而数字普惠金融及其三维度中的使用深度和数字化程度都未能展现出对城乡收入差距的缩减作用。④分区县层面，在市辖区，传统和数字普惠金融都已不能有效缩减城乡收入差距；在民族县域，传统和数字普惠金融发展均相对滞后，传统普惠金融未能有效缩减城乡收入差距，而数字普惠金融凭借自身优势已逐步显现出缩减城乡收入差距的作用；在普通县域，相比于数字普惠金融显著的扩大作用，传统普惠金融的缩减作用更优。

结合实证结果，本文认为甘肃省应加强互网络以及金融基础设施建设，加大农村地区普惠金融的宣传教育，大力发展数字普惠金融，同时应继续完善传统普惠金融，鼓励普惠金融产品和服务的多样化发展，并引导金融机构向数字普惠金融靠拢。

关键词：传统普惠金融 数字普惠金融 城乡收入差距 固定效应 对比研究

Abstract

The large income gap between urban and rural areas has been a problem that Gansu Province has been working to solve for a long time. In 2020, the overall victory in the fight against poverty means that Gansu Province has eliminated absolute poverty, and the urban-rural income gap has also been significantly improved. However, the existence of relative poverty and other problems makes the urban-rural income gap in Gansu Province still high, and the problem is still serious. Practices such as poverty alleviation have proved that inclusive finance can effectively mitigate financial constraints faced by rural residents and poor groups in accessing financial services and products such as credit, and play an important role in eliminating absolute poverty and reducing the urban-rural income gap. At present, there are two kinds of inclusive finance models in China. First, the traditional inclusive finance, which focuses on offline financial services, has made great contributions to poverty alleviation and the improvement of urban-rural income gap in the past decade or so. However, in recent years, due to the impact of high costs, its effect has gradually weakened. Second, digital inclusive finance, which focuses on online services, can better reach and serve every target with the advantages of the Internet.

At present, traditional inclusive finance and digital inclusive finance affect the urban-rural income gap in Gansu Province at the same time, and the difference in their impact effects determines that they may have different development prospects in the future. Therefore, a comparative study of the differences in the impact of the two on the urban-rural income gap in Gansu Province, and based on this, put forward relevant suggestions on the coordinated development of traditional inclusive finance and digital inclusive finance in Gansu Province, will be of great significance to effectively solve the urban-rural income gap in Gansu Province. However, the existing literature lacks a comparison of the effects of the two on the urban-rural income gap, and there are few empirical studies on the impact of inclusive finance on the urban-rural income gap at the county level. In this regard, this paper supplements it with the following research: First, on the basis of literature review, this paper makes an in-depth analysis of the development status of traditional inclusive finance and digital inclusive finance in Gansu Province. Secondly, based on the relevant theory of inclusive finance affecting the urban-rural income gap, this paper analyzes the relevant mechanism, and puts forward research hypotheses in combination with the current situation of inclusive finance development in Gansu Province. Finally, based on the panel data of 73 districts and counties in Gansu Province from 2016 to 2020, this paper uses the two-way fixed effect model to compare the impact differences of the two at the overall, sub-district and sub-dimension levels, and tests the "inverted U-shaped" effect.

Research conclusions include: ①Traditional inclusive finance development of traditional inclusive finance in Gansu Province has entered a relatively stable stage, and the differences between districts and counties are large, while the development of digital inclusive finance still has large space and the differences between districts and counties are small. ② Both Traditional vs. Digital inclusive finance inclusive finance have a "positive U-shaped" effect on the urban-rural income gap in Gansu Province. ③ On the whole, the traditional inclusive finance plays a better role in reducing the urban-rural income gap in Gansu Province, while the digital inclusive finance and its depth of use and degree of digitalization in its three-dimensional dimensions fail to show its role in reducing the urban-rural income gap. ④ At the district and county level, both traditional and digital inclusive finance can no longer effectively reduce the urban-rural income gap; In ethnic counties, development of both inclusive finance has lagged behind. Traditional inclusive finance has failed to effectively reduce the urban-rural income gap, while digital inclusive finance has gradually shown its role in reducing the urban-rural income gap by virtue of its own advantages; In ordinary counties, compared with the significant expansion role of digital inclusive finance, the reduction role of traditional inclusive finance is better.

Based on the empirical results, this paper believes that Gansu Province should strengthen the construction of mutual network and financial infrastructure, increase the publicity and promotion and education of inclusive financial knowledge in rural areas focus on developing digital inclusive services, and continue to improve traditional inclusive finance, encourage the diversified development of inclusive financial products and services, and guide financial institutions to close to digital inclusive finance.

Key words: traditional inclusive finance; Digital inclusive finance; Urban-rural income gap; Fixed effect; contrastive study