法学院知识库

摘 要

反垄断法域外适用是指反垄断法作为国内法规制发生在境外的，但对境内相关市场竞争产生影响的垄断行为。因为反垄断法域外适用制度是以本国利益为出发点制定的，它以保护本国的市场竞争为目标，所以在适用过程中各个国家因管辖问题而产生冲突是不可规避的。美国和欧盟在实践中不断对反垄断法在域外领域的适用进行完善，美国通过国际礼让原则对效果原则加以限制、欧盟委员会随着卡特尔的范围越来越大，后期又针对欧洲经济区以外的垄断行为的处罚单独做了规定等。

我国反垄断法较之于美国与欧盟的反垄断法体系还需不断改进充实。在执法方面，我国反垄断执法机构通过对部门的整合，提高了执法效率。从反垄断法域外适用的实践中可以看出我国反垄断法域外适用在立法以及国际合作方面还存有不足之处，主要表现为：域外适用条件单一且不具体、域外适用原则仅有效果原则，缺少一定限制、在《阻断外国法律与措施不当域外适用办法》新颁布不久的情况下，其在反垄断领域的适用是否能有效地解决外国反垄断法不当域外适用的情形仍不得而知、国际合作机制不够成熟。

针对上述问题，文章中提出了相应的合理解决办法以及需要注意的情况：首先在立法方面，增加适用条件、明确影响范围。把我国消费者合法权益受到损害也作为域外适用条件，将对境内竞争产生“排除、限制影响”具体到“实质的、直接的且能够合理预见的”影响。其次在域外适用原则方面，适时使用国际礼让原则对效果原则加以限制，以减少国家间的冲突；当出现外国反垄断法与我国强制性法规产生冲突的情况时，尽可能先采用国际礼让原则进行抗辩。在结合《阻断外国法律与措施不当域外适用办法》对外国反垄断法的不当域外适用进行阻断的过程中，也不可忽视和世界贸易组织中关于“专项性补贴”规则的衔接问题，但由于阻却机制也会涉及政治等多种因素，因此在现阶段，应尽量避免在反垄断法域外适用领域使用《阻断外国法律与措施不当域外适用办法》。最后，在国际合作方面要不断加强与经济联系密切的国家间的合作，以双边协议代替谅解备忘录，推动制定国际统一反垄断法，建立亚太地区的反垄断组织。通过以上措施对我国反垄断法域外适用中存在的不足加以补充，使我国反垄断法域外适用能够随着经济的发展而不断完善，更好地发挥其维护我国市场经济，营造良好的公平竞争环境，保护我国企业和消费者利益的作用。

Abstract

The extraterritorial application of anti-monopoly law refers to the monopolistic behavior that occurs overseas as a domestic law, but has an impact on the competition in the relevant domestic market. Because the extraterritorial application system of anti-monopoly law is formulated with the interests of the country as the starting point, it aims to protect the market competition of the country, so it is unavoidable that various countries will have conflicts due to jurisdiction issues during the application process. The United States and the European Union have continuously improved the application of anti-monopoly laws in extraterritorial fields in practice. The United States has restricted the principle of effect through the principle of international comity. The penalties for monopolistic behavior are separately stipulated.

Compared with the anti-monopoly law system of the United States and the European Union, my country's anti-monopoly law still needs to be continuously improved and enriched. In terms of law enforcement, my country's anti-monopoly law enforcement agencies have improved the efficiency of law enforcement through the integration of departments. From the practice of extraterritorial application of anti-monopoly law, it can be seen that the extraterritorial application of my country's anti-monopoly law still has deficiencies in legislation and international cooperation , lack of certain restrictions, and it is not known whether its application in the field of anti-monopoly can effectively solve the situation of improper extra-territorial application of foreign anti-monopoly laws under the newly promulgated , The international cooperation mechanism is not mature enough.

In response to the above problems, the article puts forward corresponding reasonable solutions and situations that need attention: First, in terms of legislation, increase the applicable conditions and clarify the scope of influence. The damage to the legitimate rights and interests of consumers in my country is also regarded as a condition for extraterritorial application, and the impact of "exclusion and restriction of competition" is specified to the "substantial, direct and reasonably foreseeable" impact. Secondly, in terms of the principle of extraterritorial application, the principle of international comity should be used to limit the principle of effect in order to reduce conflicts between countries; when there is a conflict between foreign anti-monopoly laws and my country's mandatory regulations, the blocking method should be used with caution, and the best possible A defense may be first resorted to the principle of international comity. If it involves my country's major interests but has an interest in the country that does not grant international comity to Chinese enterprises, consider blocking the improper extraterritorial application of foreign anti-monopoly laws in conjunction with the "Rules on Counteracting Unjustified Extra-territorial Application of Foreign Legislation and Other Measures". At the same time, the connection with the WTO rules on "specialized subsidies" cannot be ignored. Finally, in terms of international cooperation, it is necessary to continuously strengthen cooperation with countries with close economic ties, replace memorandum of understanding with bilateral agreements, promote the formulation of a unified international anti-monopoly law, and establish an anti-monopoly organization in the Asia-Pacific region. The above measures are used to supplement the deficiencies in the extraterritorial application of my country's anti-monopoly law, so that the extra-territorial application of my country's anti-monopoly law can be continuously improved with the development of the economy, better exert it to maintain my country's market economy, and create a good and fair competition environment to protect the interests of Chinese enterprises and consumers.