艺术学院知识库

摘  要

  中国西北地区陶器有着悠久的历史，器耳是陶器中较为重要的附件之一，其设计造型依附于人的思维方式、生活习惯和社会风俗，在功能和审美上具有一定的突出作用。通过对中国西北地区彩陶器耳造型进行系统的研究，依据宫殿式建筑、墓葬形式、生产技术、农耕民族和游牧民族的生活方式，借助考古资料总结出当时社会背景促进了彩陶器耳的发展。搜集相关彩陶器耳的图像资料，以及不同用途彩陶器具的器耳，根据造型将其分为惯用造型器耳和特殊造型器耳，可见各类器耳在使用功能和审美观念的高度统一。依据设计学方法，将彩陶器耳的装饰设计手法分为彩绘、刻划、堆塑和其他装饰，不同的装饰设计手法根据纹样类型又可细化为多类，从最初造型装饰的单一到后期复杂多样，体现出器耳设计由物质追求到精神追求的转变。从人体工程学视角分析彩陶器耳设计的构造和功能，根据实用性要求、承接力度、人体尺度多方面考虑功能需求，以器耳出现的主要因素及惯用手人群为媒介分析使用习惯不同所制作的彩陶器耳有所差异。在设计学视角下，依据器耳的不同造型、器耳与纹样虚与实的结合，以及认知功能和审美功能分析器耳具备形式美和功能美的双重属性。发展到后期，各类器具器耳与彩陶器耳造型形制类似，虽造型更为多样化，但明显地继承和延续了彩陶器耳造型。总之，彩陶器耳造型设计的沿革是有根可寻的，遵循融合、分化，再融合的发展规律，由此以小见大，深入探讨早期人类对彩陶器耳的设计理念。

Abstract

  Pottery in northwest of China has a long history. Pottery's ear is one of the most important accessories in pottery. Its design is dependent on people's way of thinking, living habits and social customs,and plays a certain prominent role in function and aesthetics. Based on the systematic study of the shape design of the colored pottery ear in northwest China, according to the palace architecture, the form of burial, production technology, the way of life of farming and nomadic peoples, with the help of archaeological data, it is concluded that the social background at that time promoted the development of the colored pottery ear. Collect the relevant image data of colored pottery ears, as well as the ears of different purposes of colored pottery ware, and divide them into conventional ears and special ears according to their shapes. It can be seen that all kinds of ears are highly unified in their functions and aesthetic concepts.According to the design method, the decorative design techniques of colored pottery ears can be divided into painting, carving, molding and other decoration. Different decorative design techniques can be divided into several categories according to the pattern type, from the single shape and decoration in the initial stage to the complex and diverse in the later stage, reflecting the transformation from material pursuit to spiritual pursuit in the design of pottery ears. From the perspective of ergonomics, this paper analyzes the structure and function of the design of colored pottery ear, considers the functional requirements from various aspects according to the practical requirements, undertaking strength and human body scale, analyzes the differences of the colored pottery ear made by the main factors of the appearance of the ear and the media of the people with dominant hands. From the perspective of design science, according to the different shapes of ear, the combination of virtual and real of ear and pattern, as well as the cognitive function and aesthetic function, the ear has the dual attributes of formal beauty and functional beauty. In the later stage of development, all kinds of utensil ears were similar to the shape and structure of colored pottery ears. Although the shapes were more diversified, they obviously inherited and continued the shape of colored pottery ears. In short, there is a root to be found in the evolution of the shape design of the colored pottery ear, which follows the development law of integration, differentiation and re-integration.