MBA教育中心知识库

近年来，国家加大对经济结构的调整，从原来的重经济发展速度到重经济发展质量，随着经济发展思路的转换，地方政府融资平台的债务问题逐步凸显，于是“明股实债”类创新性融资方式大量涌现，如何进行恰当的会计确认、计量等一系列问题逐步凸显。而现有的金融工具准则对清晰划分“明股实债”类业务存在一定的难度，并且在实务操作中对该类业务应划分为金融负债还是权益工具存在较大的争议，不同的划分的对财务报表产生的影响巨大，进而影响报表使用者做出正确的经济决策。

    本文以基于“业主观”和“主体观”的金融负债和权益工具的划分作为理论基础，对比国际会计准则、美国会计准则和国内会计准则在“明股实债”类基金确认和计量问题上的不同思路，评价不同准则之间处理该问题的异同，为国内准则的会计确认和计量提供可借鉴的思路。通过选取兰州新区铁投公司接受的“明股实债”类产业基金投资作为案例，分析其投资条款的设定、投资收益的分配、投资资金的退出等合同条款，对照现行的金融工具准则，结合该交易发生的背景，交易的目的等实际情况，从业务发生背景出发，结合金融负债和权益工具划分的理论基础，得出该交易应该划分为金融负债的结论，并对比划分为金融负债和权益工具对会计信息产生的不同影响，指出实务处理中对兼具“股”和“债”性质的融资划分存在一定困难，以及交易设计复杂、企业接受投资动机不纯和会计准则之间缺乏衔接等问题。

    通过分析提出要坚持“实质重于形式”的会计处理原则，准确划分债权和股权，加强金融工具准则和合并财务报表准则之间的衔接，提升会计人员素质，推进业财融合等建议。希望通过本文的写作，能对会计准则的完善和“明股实债”类业务的处理提供可借鉴的方法，同时为金融工具相关准则下一步的改革和完善提供一定的思路。

Abstract

    In recent years, countries to increase economic structure adjustment, from the original quality of heavy economic growth to economic development, as the economic development of transformation, local government financing platform's debt problem gradually, Therefore, a large number of innovative financing methods of "Mezzaninefund" emerged, how to carry out proper accounting recognition, measurement and so on a series of problems gradually. The existing standards of financial instruments to clear division "Mezzaninefund" class business has certain difficulty, and in the practice should be divided into financial liability or equity instrument there is a big controversy, different division has had a huge impact on the financial statements, which affect the statement users make the correct economic decision.

    Based on the distinction between financial liabilities and equity instruments based on "industry subjective" and "subject view", this paper compares the different ideas of international accounting standards, American accounting standards and domestic accounting standards on the recognition and measurement of "Mezzaninefund" , and evaluates the similarities and differences between different standards in dealing with this problem. It provides a reference for the accounting recognition and measurement of domestic accounting standards. By choosing new district in lanzhou iron firms accept "Mezzaninefund" class industry fund investment as an example, analyzing its investment terms set exit, the distribution of the return on investment, investment funds, such as the terms of the contract, against the current standards of financial instruments, combined with the deal of background, the purpose of trading and actual situation, starting from the practice, Combined with the theoretical basis of the division of financial liabilities and equity instruments, the conclusion is drawn that the transaction should be divided into financial liabilities, and compared with the different effects of financial liabilities and equity instruments on accounting information. It is pointed out that there are certain difficulties in the division of financing with both "stock" and "debt" nature in practice. As well as the complex transaction design, the motives of enterprises to accept investment are not pure and the lack of convergence between accounting standards.

    Through analysis, this paper puts forward some suggestions, such as sticking to the principle of "substance over form", accurately dividing creditor's rights and equity, strengthening the connection between financial instrument criterion and consolidated financial statement criterion, improving the quality of accounting personnel, and promoting the integration of industry and finance. I hope that through the writing of this paper, it can provide a reference method for the improvement of accounting standards and the treatment of "real debt" business, and provide some ideas for the next reform and improvement of financial instruments related standards.