经济学院知识库

      随着我国人口老龄化程度的日益加深，基本养老保险面临的压力逐步增大，加快发展补充养老保险制度已迫在眉睫。然而，近年来养老保险体系第二层次制度却面临着企业年金发展遇到瓶颈，职业年金处于起步阶段；结构分布失衡，新“双轨制”初显等现实问题，而造成企业年金和职业年金发展不充分不平衡最核心的原因在于，制度设计与实施过程不协调、强制与自愿准入机制的差异和缺乏统一系统平台及专业化管理公司。

      本文基于企业年金和职业年金制度要素的差异性及其相对统一性，从参数改革和结构改革全价值链角度出发，在统筹考虑养老保险体系第二层次制度设计的基础上，提出了企业年金和职业年金协同优化设计方案，即运行机制协调、准入机制创新及系统平台共享，其中运行机制协调包括缴费水平、投资运营和税惠政策三个方面，第一，缴费水平的优化设计，企业年金个人在 2%-6%的缴费区间内自主选择缴费档次，企业按 1:1 匹配缴费，同时采取缴费率自动升级机制，职业年金未来的改革方向也可通过提高个人缴费水平而降低财政缴费率来实现；第二，投资运营的优化设计，第二层次权益投资上限由 30%提高至 40%，同时扩大投资范围和开展境外投资，职业年金虚实结合的制度安排带来巨大的潜在风险，可采取记账管理+实账运营的模式，记账利率按 6%来计算；第三，税惠政策的优化设计，企业年金和职业年金个人税优比例从 4%同步增加至 6%，企业年金单位税优比例提高到 8%，同时对于不同群体实施 EET+TEE+EEE 差别化税率模式。准入机制创新主要通过自动加入机制促使滞后的企业年金进一步扩容，系统平台共享旨在建立统一的系统平台和专业化管理公司。

      在此基础上，根据据第二层次基金收支平衡理论和税式支出理论，结合相关参数取值，利用 MATLAB 软件编程模拟测算优化设计方案的待遇水平和财政负担，测算结果表明，优化设计方案不仅提高了企业年金和职业年金的待遇水平，使退休人员能够维持较为体面的生活水准，而且其财政负担在经济可承受的范围之内。在未来推进养老保险体系第二层次发展的过程中，既要树立政策大局观，避免第二层次相互割据；又要分阶段逐步统筹推进企业年金和职业年金的发展。

    With the deepening of the aging of the population in my country, the pressure on the basic pension insurance is gradually increasing,and it is urgent to accelerate the development of the supplementary pension insurance system. However, in recent years, the second-tier system of the old-age insurance system has faced bottlenecks in the development of enterprise annuities,and occupational annuities are in their infancy;structural distribution is unbalanced, and the new"dual-track system" is beginning to appear. The core reason for the full imbalance lies in the incoordination of the system design and implementation process,the difference between mandatory and voluntary access mechanisms, and the lack of a unified system platform and professional management company.

    Based on the differences and relative unity of the elements of the enterprise annuity and occupational annuity systems, this paper starts from the perspective of parameter reform and structural reform of the entire value chain, and on the basis of overall consideration of the second-level system design of the pension insurance system, proposes the enterprise annuity and Occupational annuity collaborative optimization

design plan, that is,operating mechanism coordination, access mechanism

innovation and system platform sharing. The operating mechanism coordination includes three aspects: payment level,investment operation and tax benefit policy. First, the optimization design of payment level, enterprise annuity Individuals choose their own payment grades within the payment range of 2%-6%. Companies pay in a 1:1 match. At the same time, they adopt an automatic upgrade mechanism for the payment rate. The future reform direction of occupational annuities can also reduce the financial payment rate by increasing the level of personal payment. Second, the optimization design of investment operations, the upper limit of the second-level equity investment is increased from 30% to 40%, and the investment scope and overseas investment are expanded at the same time. The institutional arrangement of the combination of virtual and physical occupational pensions brings huge potential risks. Adopting the mode of bookkeeping management +actual bookkeeping operation, the bookkeeping interest rate is calculated at 6%; third, the optimized design of the tax benefit policy, the personal tax benefit ratio of enterprise annuities and occupational annuities has been increased from 4% to 6% simultaneously, and enterprise annuities The unit tax premium ratio was increased to 8%, and the EET+TEE+EEE differentiated tax rate model was implemented for different groups. The access mechanism innovation mainly promotes the further expansion of the lagging enterprise annuity through the automatic joining mechanism,and the system platform sharing aims to establish a unified system platform and professional management company.

    On this basis, according to the second-level fund balance theory and tax expenditure theory, combined with relevant parameter values,MATLAB software programming is used to simulate and calculate the treatment level and financial burden of the optimized design plan. The calculation results show that the optimized design plan not only has the treatment level of enterprise annuitie and occupational annuities been improved, so that retirees can maintain a decent standard of living, but also their financial burden is within the economically affordable range. In the process of advancing the development of the second-level endowment insurance system in the future, it is necessary to establish an overall policy view to avoid the separation of the second-level mutualism; and to gradually promote the development of enterprise annuities and occupational annuities in stages.