会计学院知识库

2018年12月7日，我国财政部出台了《企业会计准则第21号——租赁（修订）》，规定在境内上市的企业自2021年1月1日起施行新准则。我国现在使用的租赁业务模式有两种：经营租赁、融资租赁。新准则中，在承租人视角下将不再区分这两种租赁方式，它们将以使用权资产这一会计项目在资产负债表中统一列报。近来，我国航运业发展迅猛，且租赁已成为我国企业扩大经营规模实现融资的重要方式之一。由于航海运输业表外经营租赁业务金额较大，新准则实施后租赁业务都确认为使用权资产列入财报中，这会影响企业相关的财务报表及财务表现能力。为此，本文选择航海运输业的龙头企业招商轮船为研究对象，对新租赁准则实施将带来的财务影响进行深入研究。

本文首先介绍了航运业特点及租赁模式，其次通过比较新旧租赁准则的主要内容及承租人会计处理的不同，找到两者的区别。 接着以招商轮船为研究对象，以该企业2019年度披露的财务数据为研究起点，展开具体分析。 第一，介绍了招商轮船的基本概况。第二，对招商轮船的经营租赁业务进行具体会计处后续计量，为后续分析其具体影响做铺垫。第三，根据上文的会计处理，按照新租赁会计准则的要求调整财务报表及财务表现能力的相关指标，计算其实施新租赁准则后所带来的具体数值变化并分析其可能对企业经营活动产生的影响。预期影响主要是体现在财务报表数据方面：招商轮船的总资产和总负债增加，而利润总额减少，企业的现金流量总额未发生变化；资产负债率、产权比率均出现不同程度地增加，而总资产周转率、销售净利润率和净资产收益率都有所降低。这表示实施新准则会降低企业的偿债能力、营运能力、盈利能力，直接导致企业抵御风险的能力变弱。最后，根据企业受到的准则影响提出几点建议，希望我国航运企业能够顺利消除新租赁准则带来的负面影响，为我国航运业稳步发展助力。

On December 7, 2018, the Ministry of Finance of China issued the "Accounting Standard for Enterprises No. 21 - Leases (Revised)", which stipulates that the new standard will be implemented for enterprises listed in the territory as of January 1, 2021. There are currently two main types of leases: operating leases and finance leases in China. In the new standard, a distinction between these two types of leases will no longer be made from the perspective of the lessee, and they will be uniformly presented in the balance sheet under the accounting item of right-of-use assets. Recently, China's shipping industry has been developing rapidly, and leasing has become one of the important ways to achieve financing for China's enterprises to expand their business scale. Due to the large amount of off-balance sheet operating leasing business in the shipping industry, the new standard implementation of leasing business are recognized as right-of-use assets included in the financial statements, which will affect the relevant financial statements and financial performance ability of enterprises. For this reason, this paper selects China Merchants Energy Shipping Co., Ltd., a leading enterprise in the marine transportation industry, as the research object, and conducts an in-depth study on the financial impact that will be brought by the implementation of the new leasing standards.

This paper firstly introduces the characteristics of the shipping industry and the leasing model, followed by finding the differences between the old and new leasing standards by comparing the main contents and the differences in the accounting treatment of lessees. Then, China Merchants Energy Shipping Company is taken as the research object, and the financial data disclosed by the enterprise in 2019 is used as the starting point for the specific analysis. First, the basic overview of China Merchants Energy Shipping Company is introduced. Second, the specific accounting treatment and subsequent measurement of the operating leasing business of China Merchants Energy Shipping Company are carried out to pave the way for the subsequent analysis of its specific impact. Third, based on the above accounting treatment, the financial statements and relevant indicators of financial performance capability are adjusted in accordance with the requirements of the new leasing accounting standards, and the specific numerical changes brought about by the implementation of the new leasing standards are calculated and the possible impact on the business activities of the enterprise is analyzed. The expected impact is mainly reflected in the financial statement data: the total assets and liabilities of the enterprise increase, the total profit decreases, and the total cash flow of the enterprise remains unchanged; the gearing ratio and the equity ratio all increase to different degrees, while the total asset turnover ratio, the net profit margin of sales and the return on net assets all decrease. This indicates that the implementation of the new standard will reduce the solvency, operating capacity and profitability of enterprises, which directly leads to the weakening of enterprises' ability to withstand risks. Finally, a few suggestions are made according to the impact of the standard on enterprises, hoping that China's shipping enterprises can successfully eliminate the negative impact brought by the new leasing standard and contribute to the steady development of China's shipping industry.