法学院知识库

目前，社会各界高度关注医药领域的药品超高定价问题。医药企业要是想实行超高定价行为，前提是必须具有市场支配地位。利用这一优势，药品经营者以高于正常市场标准的价格销售药品。药品超高的定价主要依赖于药品自身的独特优势和药品企业的垄断地位，是对消费者的一种剥削。在当前的市场环境下，如何才能维护医药市场正常的经济秩序，保证患者的权益不受侵犯，有效调节药品价格，避免药品价格垄断的出现等等，这些都是国内药品市场最迫切的目标。

本文的正文从阐述药品价格相关的经济学理论基础入手，以此为为何要对药品超高定价行为进行反垄断规制提供理论基础；进而是对成因分析和理论分析，哪些原因和行为造成了药品超高定价行为。具体情况是，第一，为谋取超额利润医药企业会进行高额的商业贿赂，这笔支出最终还由消费者支付；第二，新药的专利保护时间过长，延长了医药企业的垄断利润。法律赋予药品研发企业专利，是为了确保投资回报，却反而成为了药品研发公司的“常青树”和“灌木丛”。第三，即使药品专利到期，医药企业仍希望占有超额利润，就会签订垄断协议，确保药品价格在一段时间内不降价。因此，制药企业会通过法律手段来掩盖仿制药上市的延误。接下来系统性分析了我国药品行业超髙定价反垄断规制的现状、发展形势和所面临问题，进一步得出如下结论，相关的反垄断法律体系尚不健全，不同职能部门具有一定的职能模糊问题，执法力度不足；价格法仍占据主体地位，反垄断法的管辖范围较为狭窄，在价格垄断方面，相应的法律法规存在竞合；消费者权益的被忽视等问题。由于药品价格垄断情况具有复杂性，治理效果并不理想。针对这些问题，对欧盟和美国药品超髙定价行为规制的分析学习，总结经验，寻求制度借鉴普遍性的特征；最后通过前文四个部分的论述，完善药品超高定价行为的反垄断的具体措施。为了保障消费者的合法权益，完善药品的行业反垄断法规，加强了药品行业反垄断执法机构的独立性和责任划分，加强反垄断执法机构与行业监管部门的合作，适用经营者承若等，从而找出适合中国现状的药品价格反垄断方法,并逐步建立一个全面、有效的法律体系。

At present, the society pays great attention to the problem of drug super high pricing in the field of medicine. If the pharmaceutical enterprises want to carry out the super high monopoly pricing behavior, the premise is that they must have the dominant position in the market. With this advantage, drug dealers sell drugs at a price higher than the normal market standard. The super high price of drugs mainly depends on the unique advantages of drugs and the monopoly position of pharmaceutical enterprises, and is a kind of exploitation to consumers. In the current market environment, how to maintain the normal economic order of the pharmaceutical market, ensure the rights and interests of patients are not infringed, the drug monopoly price can be effectively adjusted, and the emergence of drug price monopoly can be avoided. These are the most urgent objectives of the domestic drug market.

This paper starts with the economic theory basis of drug price, which provides theoretical basis for the anti-monopoly regulation of drug super high pricing behavior; then, it analyzes the causes and theories, and what causes and behaviors cause the drug super high pricing line. The specific situation is that, first, in order to obtain excess profits, pharmaceutical enterprises will carry out the high-volume commercial bribery, and the expenditure will be paid by consumers; secondly, the patent protection of the new drugs is too long, which extends the monopoly profit of pharmaceutical enterprises. The law grants patents to pharmaceutical R & D enterprises, which is to ensure the return on investment, but instead become the "evergreen tree" and "Bush" of drug R & D companies. Third, even if the patent expires, pharmaceutical enterprises still want to occupy excess profits, they will sign monopoly agreements to ensure that the price of drugs does not reduce prices for a period of time. Therefore, pharmaceutical companies will cover up the delay of generic listing by legal means. Then, the paper discusses the current situation and deficiency of the regulation of super high price anti-monopoly in the pharmaceutical industry in China, and the concludes that the anti-monopoly law of drug super high pricing in China is imperfect, the legislation is not comprehensive and the enforcement is weak; the law and regulations exist competition in regulating the price monopoly in the pharmaceutical industry, the jurisdiction of monopoly price law is obviously more than that of the anti-monopoly law; the consumers' rights and interests are ignored. Because of the complexity of drug price monopoly, the effect of governance is not ideal. In view of these problems, the author analyzes and studies the regulation of drug super high pricing behavior in the EU and the United States, summarizes the experience and seeks the characteristics of the universality of the system; finally, through the discussion of the four parts of the preceding article, the specific measures to improve the anti-monopoly of drug ultra high pricing behavior are improved. In order to protect the legitimate rights and interests of consumers, improve the anti-monopoly laws and regulations of the pharmaceutical industry, strengthen the independence and responsibility division of the anti-monopoly law enforcement agencies in the pharmaceutical industry, strengthen the cooperation between the anti-monopoly law enforcement agencies and the industry supervision departments, apply the operators' commitment, etc., so as to find out the anti-monopoly method of drug price that is suitable for the current situation of China, And gradually establish a comprehensive and effective legal system.